🌱 Basic Ecology & Interactions
-
Ecology is the study of:
A. Plants
B. Animals
C. Organisms & environment
D. Soil
Answer: C -
The term “Ecology” was coined by:
A. Darwin
B. Haeckel
C. Odum
D. Mendel
Answer: B -
Autecology deals with:
A. Community
B. Individual species
C. Ecosystem
D. Population
Answer: B -
Synecology studies:
A. Individual organism
B. Community interactions
C. Cells
D. Genes
Answer: B -
Temperature is a:
A. Biotic factor
B. Abiotic factor
C. Genetic factor
D. Chemical factor
Answer: B -
Competition is a:
A. Positive interaction
B. Negative interaction
C. Neutral interaction
D. Symbiosis
Answer: B -
Mutualism is:
A. Harmful to both
B. Beneficial to both
C. Neutral
D. Parasitic
Answer: B -
Amensalism means:
A. Both benefit
B. One harmed, other unaffected
C. Both harmed
D. One benefits
Answer: B -
Predation is:
A. Positive interaction
B. Negative interaction
C. Neutral
D. Commensalism
Answer: B -
Commensalism is:
A. Both benefit
B. One benefits, other unaffected
C. Both harmed
D. Competition
Answer: B
🌍 Ecosystem Concept & Structure
-
Ecosystem term was given by:
A. Tansley
B. Odum
C. Darwin
D. Haeckel
Answer: A -
Ecosystem includes:
A. Biotic only
B. Abiotic only
C. Biotic + Abiotic
D. Soil only
Answer: C -
Producers are:
A. Heterotrophs
B. Autotrophs
C. Consumers
D. Decomposers
Answer: B -
Primary consumers are:
A. Carnivores
B. Herbivores
C. Omnivores
D. Decomposers
Answer: B -
Decomposers mainly include:
A. Plants
B. Bacteria & fungi
C. Animals
D. Algae
Answer: B -
Detritivores feed on:
A. Live plants
B. Dead organic matter
C. Animals
D. Soil
Answer: B -
Standing crop refers to:
A. Total biomass
B. Energy
C. Soil
D. Water
Answer: A
⚡ Energy Flow & Productivity
-
Energy flow in ecosystem is:
A. Cyclic
B. Unidirectional
C. Bidirectional
D. Static
Answer: B -
10% law was given by:
A. Odum
B. Lindeman
C. Darwin
D. Elton
Answer: B -
Primary productivity is:
A. Energy loss
B. Biomass production
C. Respiration
D. Decomposition
Answer: B -
GPP stands for:
A. Gross Primary Productivity
B. General Productivity
C. Growth Production
D. Global Productivity
Answer: A -
NPP =
A. GPP + R
B. GPP – R
C. R – GPP
D. GPP only
Answer: B -
Secondary productivity occurs in:
A. Producers
B. Consumers
C. Decomposers
D. Soil
Answer: B
🔄 Ecological Succession
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Succession is:
A. Sudden change
B. Gradual change in community
C. No change
D. Soil loss
Answer: B -
Primary succession starts on:
A. Existing soil
B. Bare area
C. Forest
D. Grassland
Answer: B -
Secondary succession occurs in:
A. New land
B. Disturbed area
C. Desert
D. Ocean
Answer: B -
Pioneer species are:
A. Final species
B. First colonizers
C. Predators
D. Decomposers
Answer: B -
Climax community is:
A. Unstable
B. Stable
C. Temporary
D. Transitional
Answer: B -
Hydrosere begins in:
A. Desert
B. Water
C. Forest
D. Grassland
Answer: B -
Xerosere starts in:
A. Water
B. Dry habitat
C. Forest
D. Wetland
Answer: B -
Autogenic succession is driven by:
A. External factors
B. Community itself
C. Climate only
D. Soil only
Answer: B -
Allogenic succession is caused by:
A. Internal factors
B. External factors
C. Plants
D. Animals
Answer: B -
Autotrophic succession has:
A. Heterotroph dominance
B. Producer dominance
C. No plants
D. Animals only
Answer: B -
Heterotrophic succession begins with:
A. Plants
B. Animals
C. Organic matter
D. Soil
Answer: C
🌐 Food Chain, Web & Pyramids
-
Food chain shows:
A. Energy flow
B. Water flow
C. Soil formation
D. Climate
Answer: A -
Food web is:
A. Single chain
B. Interconnected chains
C. Soil network
D. Water cycle
Answer: B -
Grazing food chain starts with:
A. Dead matter
B. Producers
C. Carnivores
D. Decomposers
Answer: B -
Detritus food chain starts with:
A. Plants
B. Dead organic matter
C. Animals
D. Water
Answer: B -
Pyramid of energy is always:
A. Inverted
B. Upright
C. Neutral
D. Circular
Answer: B -
Pyramid of biomass is inverted in:
A. Forest
B. Grassland
C. Aquatic ecosystem
D. Desert
Answer: C
🌳 Types of Ecosystems
-
Forest ecosystem has:
A. Low biodiversity
B. High biodiversity
C. No producers
D. No consumers
Answer: B -
Grassland ecosystem is dominated by:
A. Trees
B. Grasses
C. Shrubs
D. Algae
Answer: B -
Crop land ecosystem is:
A. Natural
B. Artificial
C. Marine
D. Desert
Answer: B -
Aquatic ecosystem includes:
A. Forest
B. Water bodies
C. Desert
D. Grassland
Answer: B -
Pond ecosystem is:
A. Terrestrial
B. Freshwater
C. Marine
D. Desert
Answer: B
🌵 Ecological Adaptations
-
Hydrophytes are adapted to:
A. Dry habitat
B. Water
C. Saline soil
D. Air
Answer: B -
Xerophytes are found in:
A. Wet areas
B. Dry areas
C. Forest
D. Water
Answer: B -
Halophytes grow in:
A. Freshwater
B. Saline soil
C. Desert
D. Mountains
Answer: B -
Epiphytes grow on:
A. Soil
B. Other plants
C. Water
D. Rocks
Answer: B -
Xerophytes show:
A. Large leaves
B. Thick cuticle
C. Thin cuticle
D. No roots
Answer: B -
Hydrophytes have:
A. Reduced roots
B. Deep roots
C. Thick bark
D. No leaves
Answer: A -
Halophytes maintain osmotic balance by:
A. Salt excretion
B. Water loss
C. Drying
D. Respiration
Answer: A
🔥 High-Level Competitive (Very Important)
-
Ecological niche refers to:
A. Habitat
B. Functional role
C. Population
D. Species
Answer: B -
Ecotone is:
A. Core area
B. Transition zone
C. Desert
D. Forest
Answer: B -
Edge effect leads to:
A. Low diversity
B. High diversity
C. No change
D. Soil loss
Answer: B -
Biomagnification increases along:
A. Same level
B. Trophic levels
C. Soil layers
D. Atmosphere
Answer: B -
Bioaccumulation occurs in:
A. Ecosystem
B. Organisms
C. Soil
D. Water
Answer: B -
Carrying capacity depends on:
A. Climate
B. Resources
C. Population
D. All
Answer: D -
Limiting factor concept was given by:
A. Liebig
B. Darwin
C. Odum
D. Haeckel
Answer: A -
Law of tolerance was proposed by:
A. Shelford
B. Liebig
C. Darwin
D. Mendel
Answer: A
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